Cambios funcionales a corto plazo en la perfusión cerebral y el funcionamiento cognitivo con el uso de la estimulación cerebral no invasiva

Lázaro Gómez Fernández, Hermis Vega Treto, Sheila Berrillo Batista, Zayli Hernández Figueroa, Lilia Morales Chacón, Nelson Rodríguez Mesa, Raúl Valdés Sedeño, Karla Batista García-Ramos

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Resumen

Introducción: El deterioro cognitivo constituye un reto para las neurociencias contemporáneas. Con el desarrollo de la neuromodulación se han descrito resultados interesantes que apuntan hacia la posibilidad de mejorar las funciones cognitivas en pacientes con deterioro cognitivo leve (DCL) y demencias.

Objetivo: Describir el efecto neuromodulador de la aplicación de la estimulación transcraneal con corriente directa (tDCS) en 3 pacientes con diagnóstico de deterioro cognitivo leve.

Métodos: Se estudiaron tres pacientes con diagnóstico de deterioro cognitivo leve, a quienes se les aplicó Escala de Evaluación para la Enfermedad de Alzheimer (ADAS-Cog), un electroencefalograma, y una Tomografía de Fotón Único (SPECT), antes y unos días después de la aplicación de 20 sesiones de estimulación transcraneal con corriente directa en áreas frontales. El ánodo se colocó sobre la corteza prefrontal izquierda, y el cátodo en posición frontopolar derecha. Se utilizó una intensidad de 2mA, durante 20 minutos.

Resultados: Se observó una tendencia a la disminución en la puntuación total de la Escala de Evaluación para la Enfermedad de Alzheimer; siendo los ítems más favorecidos: recordatorio de palabras, denominación de objetos y dedos, praxia ideatoria y la orientación. Se identificó un incremento en la perfusión cerebral en el giro frontal superior, medio e inferior izquierdos, giro precentral bilateral, giro cingulado, putamen derecho, precúneo, corteza insular derecha y tálamo derecho.

Conclusiones: El uso de la tDCS en los pacientes con DCL se asoció con cambios favorables en algunos acápites de la escala ADAS-Cog, conjuntamente con incremento en la perfusión cerebral de varias estructuras corticales y subcorticales.

Palabras clave

deterioro cognitivo; estimulación transcraneal; corriente directa; perfusión cerebral

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Copyright (c) 2022 Lázaro Gómez Fernández, Hermis Vega Treto, Sheila Berrillo Batista, Zayli Hernández Figueroa, Lilia Morales Chacón, Nelson Rodríguez Mesa, Raúl Valdés Sedeño, Karla Batista García

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