Surgical treatment in patients with gynecomastia
Keywords:
areola, complications;, gynecomastiaAbstract
Introduction: Gynecomastia is the most common disease in the male breast and affects the quality of life of patients. In general, patients come to the clinic for aesthetic reasons.
Objective: To characterize a group of patients with gynecomastia who received surgical treatment.
Methods: Observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study. The universe consisted of 65 patients with gynecomastia. The sample consisted of 33 patients who received surgical treatment. Inclusion criteria: patients aged 20 to 59 years, male, diagnosis of gynecomastia, voluntariness, and having compensated chronic diseases. Exclusion criteria: postoperative recurrent gynecomastias, psychiatric disorders, coagulopathies, inveterate smokers. Exit criteria: patients who, after having started the study, do not wish to continue and do not attend the scheduled consultations after surgery. The results were grouped and presented in absolute frequency tables and graphs.
Results: Patients aged 20 to 29 years (45.5%) predominated, with a mean age of 33.27 ± 9.98 years. Idiopathic (63.6%), grade 2A (48.5%) and bilateral (76%) gynecomastia predominated, as well as overweight patients (42.4 %). Surgical excision plus liposuction was the prevalent surgical technique (54.5 %) and complications occurred in 9.1 %, with a predominance of hematoma (6.1 %). 93.94% of the patients had a satisfactory postoperative evolution and 96.97 % were satisfied.
Conclusions: Surgical treatment of gynecomastia is a safe procedure and improves the quality of life of patients.
References
1. Bonilla Sepúlveda OA. Ginecomastia: aspectos generales y etiológicos. Med Lab [Internet]. 2021 [acceso: 11/02/2023]; 25(1):393-408. Disponible en: https://docs.bvsalud.org/biblioref/2021/10/1292643/ginecomastia.pdf
2. Adhikari S. Minimal Incision Technique for Gynecomastia. J Cutan Aesthetic Surg [Internet]. 2021 [acceso: 12/01/2023]; 14(3):344-50. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34908778/
3. Swamy N, Rohilla M, Raichandani S, Bryant-Smith G. Epidemiology of male breast diseases: A 10-year institutional review. Clin Imaging [Internet]. 2021 [acceso: 17/01/2023]; 72:142-50. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33249401/
4. Kim MS, Kim JH, Lee KH, Suh YJ. Incidental Gynecomastia on Thoracic Computed Tomography in Clinical Practice: Characteristics, Radiologic Features, and Correlation With Possible Causes in South Korean Men. Am J Mens Health [Internet]. 2020 [acceso: 15/01/2023]; 14(3):1557988320908102. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32456508/
5. Palmieri A, González JA, Guardo LL, Palmieri AM, Hernández LA. Ginecomastia: Consideraciones médicas y quirúrgicas en cirugía general. Rev Colomb Cir [Internet]. 2021 [acceso: 12/02/2023]; 36:499-513. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/rcci/v36n3/2619-6107-rcci-36-03499.pdf
6. Osman S, Mansoor E, Buccimazza I. Gynaecomastia in the Durban Breast Unit: A Comparison of HIV- and Non-HIV-Infected Individuals. World J Surg [Internet]. 2020 [acceso: 17/01/2023]; 44(5):1538-46. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31897689/
7. Jiménez Almaguer D, Casado Méndez PR, Suárez Castillo Y, Santos Fonseca RS, López Sánchez I, García Váldez N, et al. Caracterización clínico-etiológica y bioquímica de pacientes con ginecomastia. Rev Cuba Endocrinol [Internet]. 2020 [acceso: 12/01/2023]; 31(1): e128. Disponible en: http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1561-29532020000100005&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es
8. Laimon W, El-Hawary A, Aboelenin H, Elzohiri M, Abdelmaksoud S, Megahed N, et al. Prepubertal gynecomastia is not always idiopathic: case series and review of the literature. Eur J Pediatr [Internet]. 2021 [acceso: 23/01/2023]; 180(3):977-82. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ 32975593/
9. Tarallo M, Di Taranto G, Fallico N, Ribuffo D. The round-the-clock technique for correction of gynecomastia. Arch Plast Surg [Internet]. 2019 [acceso: 13/01/2023]; 46(3):221-7. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6536879/
10. Tripathy S, Likhyani A, Sharma R, Sharma RK. Prospective Analysis and Comparison of Periareolar Excision (Delivery) Technique and Pull-Through Technique for the Treatment of Gynecomastia. Aesthetic Plast Surg [Internet]. 2020 [acceso: 11/02/2023]; 44(3):653-61. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31989232/
11. Arcos Buñay CA, Párraga Ramírez AJ, Endara Salazar MD, Velásquez Apolo VS, Granizo Freire JA. Ginecomastia. Características clínicas y tratamiento en la pubertad. Rev Pertinencia Académica [Internet]. 2022 [acceso: 10/01/2023]; 6(1):1-8. Disponible en: https://revistas.utb.edu.ec/index.php/rpa/article/download/2636/2245
12. Lee SR, Lee SG. Reoperation Because of Dissatisfaction with the Aesthetic Results of Gynecomastia Surgery: Technical Considerations. Aesthetic Plast Surg [Internet]. 2021 [acceso: 11/01/2023]; 45(4):1444-50. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33527188/
13. Nuttall FQ, Warrier RS, Gannon MC. Gynecomastia and drugs: a critical evaluation of the literature. Eur J Clin Pharmacol [Internet]. 2015 [acceso: 11/01/2023]; 71(5):569-78. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25827472/
14. Narula HS, Carlson HE. Gynaecomastia--pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. Nat Rev Endocrinol [Internet]. 2014 [acceso: 11/01/2023]; 10(11):684-98. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25112235/
15. Laimon W, El-Hawary A, Aboelenin H, Elzohiri M, Abdelmaksoud S, Megahed N, et al. Prepubertal gynecomastia is not always idiopathic: case series and review of the literature. Eur J Pediatr [Internet]. 2021 [acceso: 11/01/2023]; 180(3):977-82. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32975593/
16. Kim MS, Kim JH, Lee KH, Suh YJ. Incidental Gynecomastia on Thoracic Computed Tomography in Clinical Practice: Characteristics, Radiologic Features, and Correlation With Possible Causes in South Korean Men. Am J Mens Health [Internet]. 2020; 14(3):1557988320908102. DOI: 10.1177/1557988320908102
17. Jiménez Almaguer D, Casado Méndez PR, Suárez Castillo Y, Santos Fonseca RS, López Sánchez I, García Váldez N, et al. Caracterización clínico-etiológica y bioquímica de pacientes con ginecomastia. Rev Cuba Endocrinol [Internet]. 2020 [acceso: 11/01/2023]; 31(1):e128. Disponible en: http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1561-29532020000100005&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es
18. Laimon W, El-Hawary A, Aboelenin H, Elzohiri M, Abdelmaksoud S, Megahed N, et al. Prepubertal gynecomastia is not always idiopathic: case series and review of the literature. Eur J Pediatr [Internet]. 2021 [acceso: 23/01/2023]; 180(3):977-82. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32975593/
19. Tarallo M, Di Taranto G, Fallico N, Ribuffo D. The round-the-clock technique for correction of gynecomastia. Arch Plast Surg [Internet]. 2019 [acceso: 13/01/2023]; 46(3):221-7. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6536879/
20. Rosas SL, Deyo-Svendsen ME, Oldfather RZ, Phillips MR, Israel TA, Weisenbeck ER. Gynecomastia in a Patient Taking Meloxicam-A Case Report. J Prim Care Community Health [Internet]. 2020 [acceso: 13/01/2023]; 11:2150132720952622. Disponible en:
21. Barrantes Rodríguez K. Ginecomastia: manifestaciones, etiología, abordaje diagnóstico y tratamiento. Med Leg Costa Rica [Internet]. 2016 [acceso: 12/02/2023]; 33(1):205-10. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1409-00152016000100205&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=es
22. Longheu A, Medas F, Corrias F, Farris S, Tatti A, Pisano G, et al. Surgical management of gynecomastia: experience of a general surgery center. Il G Chir [Internet]. 2016 [acceso: 23/03/2023]; 37(4):150-4. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27938530/
23. Song YN, Wang YB, Huang R, He XG, Zhang JF, Zhang GQ, et al. Surgical treatment of gynecomastia: mastectomy compared to liposuction technique. Ann Plast Surg [Internet]. 2014 [acceso: 12/02/2023]; 73(3):275-8. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23644441/
24. Costanzo P, Suárez S, Aszpis SM, Stewart Usher JG, Pragier UM, Vásquez Cayoja M, et al. Ginecomastia: aspectos clínicos y etiológicos. Estudio retrospectivo y multicéntrico. Rev Argent Endocrinol Metab [Internet]. 2015 [acceso: 11/01/2023]; 52(1):22-8. Disponible en: https://raem.org.ar/articulos_raem/ginecomastia-aspectos-clinicos-y-etiologicos-estudio-retrospectivo-y-multicentrico/
25. Jian C, Wu L, Lin L, Liu W, Zheng Z, Yang C. Single-port endoscopic mastectomy via the lateral chest approach for the treatment of grade II gynecomastia. Medicine (Baltimore) [Internet]. 2020 [citado 13 de enero de 2023]; 99(22): e20100. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ 32481376/
26. Vojvodic M, Xu FZ, Cai R, Roy M, Fielding JC. Anabolic-androgenic Steroid Use Among Gynecomastia Patients: Prevalence and Relevance to Surgical Management. Ann Plast Surg [Internet]. 2019 [citado 11 de enero de 2023]; 83(3):258-63. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31021838/
27. Yao Y, Yang Y, Liu J, Wang Y, Zhao Y. Vacuum-assisted minimally invasive surgery-An innovative method for the operative treatment of gynecomastia. Surgery [Internet]. 2019 [citado 11 de enero de 2023]; 166(5):934-9. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31248653/
28. Gottlieb S, Pasqualini T, Martínez A, Bengolea SV, Azaretzky M, Ciaccio M, et al. Características clínicas y etiología de la ginecomastia en pacientes en edad prepuberal. Rev Argent Endocrinol Metab [Internet]. 2015 [citado 11 de febrero de 2023]; 52(2):57-65. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo. php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1851-30342015000200002&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es
29. Davanço RAS, Sabino Neto M, Garcia EB, Matsuoka PK, Huijsmans JPR, Ferreira LM. Quality of life in the surgical treatment of gynecomastia. Aesthetic Plast Surg [Internet]. 2009 [citado 13 de enero de 2023]; 33(4):514-7. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18953597/
30. Mohan A, Rangwala M, Rajendran N. Use of Tumescent Anesthesia in Surgical Excision of Gynecomastia. Surg Innov [Internet]. 2022 [citado 12 de enero de 2023]; 29(1):22-6. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ 33830832/
31. Thiénot S, Bertheuil N, Carloni R, Méal C, Aillet S, Herlin C, et al. PosteroInferior Pedicle Surgical Technique for the Treatment of Grade III Gynecomastia. Aesthetic Plast Surg [Internet]. 2017 [citado 12 de enero de 2023]; 41(3):531-41. Disponible en: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/epub/10.1177/1457496913496359
32. Lapid O, Jolink F. Surgical management of gynecomastia: 20 years’ experience. Scand J Surg SJS Off Organ Finn Surg Soc Scand Surg Soc [Internet]. 2014 [citado 19 de enero de 2023];103(1):41-5. Disponible en: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1457496913496359
33. Chao JW, Raveendran JA, Maly C, Rogers G, Boyajian M, Oh AK. ClosedSuction Drains After Subcutaneous Mastectomy for Gynecomastia: Do They Reduce Complications? Aesthetic Plast Surg [Internet]. 2017; 41(6):1291-4. DOI: 10.1007/s00266-017-0959-z
34. Godoy GM, García VV, Eidenson GP. Tratamiento quirúrgico de la ginecomastia. Nuestra experiencia institucional. Rev Argent Mastol [Internet]. 2015 [citado 11 de febrero de 2023]; 34(123):32-41. Disponible en: https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/lil-777932?lang=es
35. Cannistrà C, Al-Shaqsi Y. Peri-areolar double-pedicle technique in the treatment of iatrogenic gynecomastia. Saudi Med J [Internet]. 2021; 42(5):574-7. DOI: 10.15537/smj.2021.42.5.20200459
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Armando Sánchez Leal , Daniel Noriega Rodríguez, Katherine Ricardo González , Salissou Samaila Issa , Ismaël Oumarou Issaka
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
The authors retain copyright and all unrestricted publication rights.
Medicoquirúrgicas Research is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) and follows the SciELO Publishing Schema (SciELO PS) for publishing in XML format.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format.
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material.
The license cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do this in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
Non-Commercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
No Additional Restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from making any use permitted by the license.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where their use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation.
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all the permissions you need for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
